5.特殊构词法
⑴ Invention 造字
Kodak, Coke, Nylon, granola(格兰诺拉麦片),
⑵ Blending 由组合其他词的某部分而创造出的新词
i.词前+词后
transfer + resister → transistor
smoke + fog → smog
positive + electron → positron
boat + hotel → boatel
breakfast + lunch → brunch
television + broadcast → telecast
cremated + remains → cremains(骨灰)
ii.词前+词前
teleprinter + exchange → telex (电报)
modulator + demodulator → modem(调制解调器)
analog + computer → anacom(分析计算机)
digital + computer → digicom(数字电脑)
insulating + lacquer → insulac(绝缘漆)
iii.Quiz
bash 怒殴 =? channel+ tunnel
smash 打碎, 粉碎 =? spiced+ ham
glimmer 闪烁=? flame+ glare
clash 冲突=? motor+ hotel
flare 闪耀=? bat+ mash
motel 汽车旅馆=? smack+ mash
workaholic 专心工作的人=? gleam+ shimmer
spam 垃圾广告=? chuckle+ snort
chunnel 水底隧道=? work+ alcoholic
chortle 得意地笑=? clap+ crash
⑶ Abbreviation 缩写
i. Cutting the final part (or with a slight variation)
advertisement →ad
bicycle →bike
brassiere →bra
condominium →condo (分户出售公寓大厦)
delicatessen →deli ( (pl. delis)熟食品 熟食店)
fanatic → fan
mathematics →math
mayonnaise →mayo (蛋黄酱)
narcotics agent →narc (缉查毒品的刑警)
professor → prof
television → telly
ii. Cutting the initial part
aeroplane → plane
helicopter→ copter
caravan→ van(n./v.沙漠, 旅行队, 大篷车)
omnibus → bus
telephone → phone
iii. Cutting both the initial and final parts accordingly
influenza → flu
refrigerator → fridge
detective → tec
also seen in names:
Robert → Bob
Edward → Ed
Elizabeth → Liza
Michael → Mike
and in educational domain:
chem for chemistry
exam for examination
gym for gymnasium
lab for laboratory
⑷ Acronym 只取首字母的缩写词
EEC→ European Economic Community
CIA→ Central Intelligence Agency
PLO→ Palestine Liberation Organization
UNESCO→ United Nations Education Science and Culture Organization
WTO→ World Trade Organization
WB→ World Bank
DINK→ Double Income No Kids
Shortening:
Aids→ acquired immune deficiency syndrome 获得性免疫缺损综合症
EEG→ electroencephalogram 脑电图描记器
Radar→ Radio detecting and ranging
MANIAC→ mathematical analyzer numerical integrator and computer 数学分析器数值积分器和计算机
COBOL→ common business oriented language 面向商业的通用语言
WASP→ white Anglo-Saxon protestant
VAT→ value added tax 增值税
⑸ Back-formation 逆构词法
gangling → gangle
editor → edit
peddler → peddle
hawker → hawk
enthusiasm→ enthuse
laser → lase
calmative →calm
⑹ Borrowing
Chinese: taji, chow mien, wok, kung-fu
Japanese: judo
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