Task 4：
No.1
Recruitment: Insects release signals to inform other insects to come and cooperate. For example, there is a type of ant called the fire ant that live in nests in South America. Some ants have a special job which is to leave the nests to find food. When one ant finds a piece of fruit too big for it to carry back, it will walk back to recruit more ants while releasing a chemical that forms a trail on the way. When it arrives, other ants can then follow the trail and find the fruit and then carry it back together.
NO.2
Definition: Environment impact assessment, ""The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the environmental impacts when deciding whether or not to proceed with a project."
Example: The professor gives an example of a construction company. The company was going to build a shopping center on a large land. Before the construction, they did a study and found the land was wetland. Their original plan was to fill solid soil into this land. But the environment impact assessment said that the wetland was very important for the environment. It could prevent flooding because it could hold water. So they decided not to fill the land and cancel this plan. Alternatively, they moved to another piece of land.
NO.3
阅读部分讲到实验考古学，研究人员运用古人的技术和工具来实践。听力部分讲了个例子，说有一块大陆和一个岛，这个岛上的人最早是不是从这个大陆来的呢？大陆上的人有木有这个能力到岛上去。于是研究人员就用当年的技术、木头和绳索造了个木木筏，然后坐这个木筏穿过这片海洋，证明大陆上的人是有能力去岛上的，所以很可能是岛上的人的来源。
NO.4
Task4:
priming：人们早先的经历会影响他们对事物的interpret
例子：如果一个男生，上车并且打开notebook 然后写东西：
一个女人早上遇到大学同学，就回想起大学生活。所以她认为这个男生是学生并且在work for classes 或work for due paper
一个女人刚刚读完诗歌，所以她认为男生是诗人。
NO.5
Task 4:
anticipated emotion。人们采取行动之前会对自己做了这个事情之后会有一个怎样的心情有一个估测，然后根据这个估测决定自己是不是要做那件事。lecture 里，教授举例子说有一次去给妹妹买生日礼物，发现一件很想买的 jacket，但是买了 jacket 之后就只能给妹妹买很便宜的小礼物，于是他就想如果真的买了 jacket 的话他肯定会很愧疚，所以最后决定还是不买了
Anticipated emotion: Before doing something, people will anticipate the kind of emotion they might have after doing it, and therefore decide whether they will do it or not based on the emotion.
Example: The professor went to buy his sister a birthday present, but saw a jacket he really wanted. If he bought the jacket, he would have to buy a cheaper present for his sister. Then thought about how he would feel if he had bought the jacket and thought he would feel guilty, so he decided not to buy the jacket.
NO.6
Task 4
Marketing
Reading material：广告最常用的诉求策略就是affiliation：a sense of being member of certain group.就是群体归属感。经常表现为两种方式：做对的事，成为群体一员；做错的事，被群体抛弃。
Listening material：广告商经常采取的营销策略，就是品牌归属感诉求。举某种苏打水Suda为例。
要么是一群男女，灯红酒绿，都喝同一种品牌的Suda水，这意味着，喝这种品牌，就能享受共同的happy；
要么是一个人boy在酒吧里，灯红酒绿，他开了一瓶Suda，但很不幸是错的品牌brand，突然间全场安静，朋友moving away,就是因为他开了错的Suda，就被群体孤立。
问题：描述affiliation，及教授的内容。
答案：The Reading material gave the definition of affiliation, that is……It manifests in two ways:…
In the listening material, the professor keeps on talk about it by introducing two examples:…
NO.7
报dormancy这一概念，阅读材料讲到冬眠的涵义：帮助渡过恶劣环境；降低自身生理能耗。
听力材料里professor讲述了一个肺鱼的例子：在河水干涸之后鱼就躲在河床上之前就打好的洞里，这样一方面可以隔热、保湿，另一方面可以降低呼吸、心跳频率。
NO.8
口四：报dormancy这一概念，阅读材料讲到冬眠的涵义：帮助渡过恶劣环境；降低自身生理能耗。
听力材料里professor讲述了一个肺鱼的例子：在河水干涸之后鱼就躲在河床上之前就打好的洞里，这样一方面可以隔热、保湿，另一方面可以降低呼吸、心跳频率。
NO.9
Reading part:
【名词解释】：
backward framing事后重塑
消费者尝试一种新产品后会做出评价，如果不喜欢，可以通过广告改变其记忆，使记忆趋向积极的一面。
Listening part:
【教授举例】：
Professor举例说，他们提供了coffee sample给一组愿意接受市场调查的人喝，在他们不知情的状况下加了盐和醋，喝起来味道会怪怪的。喝完coffee后，给他们看了一组广告，广告里人们坐在一起喝咖啡，很happy并且还面带微笑。因为看了广告，所有人都还是跟广告里面的人一样评价说这咖啡很棒。
Question：用听力的例子来解释对这个概念的理解。
NO.10
natural consequence 阅读讲的小孩做错事，大人口语不用惩罚，由着做错事的结果来惩罚孩子。 听力，教授给了个例子，教授5岁的女儿经常把玩具放在后院，平常教授都帮女儿收拾。 一天女儿还是把玩具放在后院，教授没有帮收拾，那天晚上下雨，把她的玩具损坏了，女儿在这件事后认识到自己的错，以后再也不帮玩具放后院
NO.11
4.大学旁边住房问题,rent等,听力里的woman完全不同意,大概说了3个原因(我是说了3个).1.贴广告不一定能和需要系的人2.rent相比其他学校已经很低3.一些学生喜欢在summer住在学校附近(这个跟新policy怎么联系上的,忘记了) 问题就是summary reasons.
NO.12
4. Reading part: Priority Effects
environment before the other species come and avoid them to utilize the habitat.
Listening part:
alter the
Priority effects occur when a species that arrives first at a site impacts a species that arrives
later by reducing the availability of space or resources. The species coming first may
There's a kind of small ants(文中始终未给出该蚂蚁名称), when they first arrive a new habitat, say an "askentia(音) tree", their unique habit is to eat part of the tree which produces nectar, because they don't rely on it. They are altering the environment before any other species come.
There is a kind of bigger ants, they're more aggressive and can easily occupy the trees as they want, and can force the smaller ants to leave. However, they rely on the nectar produced by "askentia" tree very much. So the smaller ants stop the tree producing nectar to avoid the bigger ants to take up the tree, so that they can stay living there.
How does the example in the listening part explain the concept of priority effects?
NO.13
阅读：【课文要点】： Negative Ideation: a method used by people to resist desires by adding something negative. 就是说通过联系不好的情况来resist坏东西,帮人解决坏习惯.Brood parasites(孵育寄生动物): animals that use a unconventional tactic to let other animals hatch their offspring for them.
就是说通过联系不好的情况来resist坏东西，帮人解决坏习惯。即 make negative associations with the thing, 这样就可以让这个东西变得less appealing and more resistible。教授用一个自己的例子解释。
听力：【教授举例】： 教授举的他自己戒除巧克力的例子. 教授很喜欢loves chocolate bar because it is tasty, 但吃太多不好. But chocolate is not good. So he used the method of negative ideation to refuse chocolate. 后来Whenever he wanted to buy chocolate bar he would think it is associate with mud which is the mixture of dirt and water, 来reduce the temptation, 就戒了he stopped buying.
教授举例他以前很喜欢吃巧克力，但是过高的糖分让他过于肥胖。为了戒掉巧克力，让自己更健康，他采取了这种technique，他把巧克力切成小碎末然后拍了一张照片。他想象巧克力是mud做的，这样逐渐他就觉得巧克力很恶心，后来就戒掉了。
question:用听力的例子解释对negative ideation的理解
NO.14
阅读：动物有固定的patterns of behavior
听力：1、一种小鱼：male fish会do attack dance to the finish entering its territory 而且是有red mark的，如果没有red mark就不会
2、goose：female鹅生过蛋后会move its head back and forth，但是当它的egg被moved away 以后，它仍然这样
问题是：讲一讲什么是动物的这种惯性行为（文中用了缩写，好象是AFS 还是FAS记不清了），然后讲讲lecture中间的例子如何证明的。
NO.15
广告应该忠实于产品的功能，但是现在的广告为了达到吸引顾客的目的，纷纷引用名人说的话，这样可能会误导消费者(quote out of context)。听力的例子是电影，电影开场前，打的广告是引用名人的话，但是电影播放后结果确实是很不好。
NO.16
Task4:
文章：一个proposal, 建议学校拿出一部分activity budget给学生参加 academic conferences.
男生：觉得这个建议不好，有两点原因：1） 活动经费应该就给那些原来intended for的活动，比如cultural activities, extracurricular activities, for example, concerts. 2) 学校其他的academic departments 已经有给学生参加学术会议的经费预算，学生只要申请，教授会决定是否给钱让学生去开会。
要求：summarize proposal, 然后说男生的评价
NO.17
阅读：内在原因，当人们找事情原因时，找自己的原因叫内在原因。它可能会让人失去自信，也可以自我鼓励更加努力。
听力：教授举例：自己在汽车公司管理销售，第一个星期很落后，跟不上进度，找自己的原因，觉得是自己的效率不高，不够有条理，所以改进的方法，最后提高了效率。
NO.18
TASK4
阅读解释概念：internal attribute: 将事物发生的原因归结自己的内在问题，而不是外界因素。
听力教授举自己的例子解释这个概念。具体为：该教授青少年时期在一家公司工作，负责整理文件。他遇到困难总是不能及时完成工作。该教授没有抱怨老板也没有抱怨工作太多而是想办法提高自己的能力。最后教授提高自己的能力，能按时完成工作，变得非常擅长自己的工作。
Task 5：
No.1
The woman is working as a teaching assistant for a professor and she's supposed to grade like 40 exam sheets which is due the next day. But she forgot that she's got other work to do tonight. The first solution is to talk to her professor to reschedule the job. The second solution is to stay up late for both tasks.
No.2
某女打翻了东西在她马上要交的paper上，课15分钟就要开始了，她自己给了2种选择，一是还是交，给老师解释一下，二是跑去重新打印一份，后来她选择了后者，但是上课迟到了，还被老师给说了,然后要我们给一个solution,再给理由
NO.3
女生的室友转校搬走了，她一个人付不起房租。有两个办法：第一是去打工，但她这学期非常忙还有论文要写，怕影响学习。第二是再找个人合租，但是房子比较小，她和之前的室友是因为时间安排正好能错开，才能成功合租的，她怕找不到合适的人合租。
NO.4
对话。
女生：遇到麻烦了。校报一个写movie review的家伙叫Jack（听个大概，音）要回家去，这期不能写专栏了，我很头痛。
男生：你找别人写一篇呗，现在好写手很多。
女生：我怕观众不认同，会unsatisfied.
Jack 的专栏已经有些年头了，大家都熟悉了
男生：要不，你就找一篇他的旧文章贴上去，关于movie啊，DVD啊，music啊。。
女生：旧文章。。。。这个。。。那就不是新的movie review 了呀。
男生：旧文章也挺好，正好帮助那些周末打算租碟的人选择；也是他自己的风格，不用害怕别人拍砖。。。
女生：这个。。。我再想想。
注意：这个是我复述出来的，简单，原文的信息很杂，而且啰唆。
NO.5
S5
修路啦，女的开车上学不方便了。要不就坐火车吧，能在车上学习，还是花很长时间。要不就住学校边上吧，要花钱的啊。咋办？
NO.6
男的要去旅游但是数码相机丢了。S1：买个新的，但贵，买了后旅游用的钱就少了，不过以后能用的到；S2:借朋友Jack的，但怕弄坏或丢了。
Problem: The man is going on a trip but he lost his camera.
Solution 1: He can buy a new camera. It will be good for future use, too, but it's expensive and he will have less money for the trip.
Solution 2: He can borrow Jack's camera, but he's worried he might break it or lose it.
NO.7
问题：audition 和 concert同晚
1 go to the first part of the concert and go to the audition
评论：花了很多钱买门票，但是会准时到达
2 go to ad. at another day
评论：另外的ad只选小部分演员
NO.8
Problem: The band that's supposed to come to perform in the university got a scheduling problem and now they can't come.
Solution 1: Hire another band
Pro: The show will still be on time
Con: The students may not like the new band
Solution 2: Hire the old band and postpone the performance
Pro:/
Con: People will be busy with the finals next week, it's hard to say if a lot of people will come
NO.9
【室友困难】：室友挂了整墙的画，但很丑且占地方，不过直说又会造成对室友的打击。
【解决方案】：
一男一女讨论对策，对策有二：一是忍气吞声，慢慢习惯；二是告诉她真实想法，希望她画点别的。
【问题】：Briefly summarize the problem and two possible solutions. Then state which solution you recommend and explain why.
NO.10
【学生困难】：一女生的part time job是working with young，然后计划下周要带一群孩子去参观science museum，但向导tour guy生病了very sick。于是女生没办法带孩子去了。
【解决方案】：两个方案：
女生说出方案1、女生自己带孩子们去参观博物馆。但女生担心自己没向导懂得多，没向导解说得好。
男生说出方案2、换个时间再去参观reschedule her time。但女生说换时间的话，又要和博物馆重新预约，又要从家长那里拿permission，还要arrange tickets。
问题：选择谁的idea好。
NO.11
The man's problem is that he left his keys in the dorm and he forgot to take his paper with him, which should be handed in today. He's roommate was in another city now. There are two solutions for him. First, he should tell the professor but his paper was regarded late. Second, he could ask the administrator of the dorm to open the door but it would cost him 15 dollars.
NO.12
音乐会什么,因为要下雨,2个solutions, woman:贴告示说移到下星期,man:虽然下雨会wet但是气温还warm,而且听众可能不介意, woman又说:但是大家可能看到外面要下雨就打消来的年头了,问题:总结2个solutions
NO.13
男生要打印东西，但是他要去学校和不方便，两个方法，1 从同学那买个二手的打印机，但是比较容易坏，并且打印效果不好，2 买新的，贵，但是男生还有两年毕业，可以买个新的也比较值
NO.14
Man's Problem: He has a study group tomorrow with other students for a physics exam, but there is a presentation on writing novels held at the same time.
Possible Solutions:
1) Attend the study group:
- Can't change the time since other students aren't free at other times.
- It's better to study with them because they are better at physics than he is, and he has some materials that he doesn't fully understand. (Communicating by email isn't helpful)
- Can read the article and listen to the recording on the presentation afterwards.
2) Go to the Presentation:
- He is passionate about writing and really wants to go.
- The writer giving the presentation may not come to his university again。
- Reading the article on the event website is not the same as listening to the presentation in-person.
- The man can study on his own. The other members in the study group said he could email them if he had questions.
NO.15
口语五：女生室友忘带冬季外套让她开车到机场送， 她去， 时间太长；不去又不好， 况且她室友最近帮了她的忙。
她室友还说自己可以去借什么的。
NO.16
一个女生生病了，不想外出，但是她是youth center的volunteer，应该带一帮小孩子去zoo看动物。两种解决办法，方法一是reschedule去动物园的时间，但这是一个special exhibit of 一种老虎，孩子们会很喜欢，而且是最后一天，不去很可惜。方法二是让另外一个志愿者Megan代孩子们去，但是Megan自己要复习物理课内容参加考试，女生觉得让朋友做出这种牺牲自己过意不去。
要求：让考生描述情况和解决办法，并推荐一个选择一个方案还要说理由
NO.17
woman收到一个去marine research的offer，但是给的钱不够她去交下学期的tuition. man说：1、explain to them and ask for more money（women怕他们收回offer）；2、take a part-time job（woman说怕时间不够太累） 问题是：这个女生的Dilemma是什么，你认为应该怎么做，为什么？
NO.18
男生向女生抱怨自己刚才正在做research project，结果不小心erased his data(删掉了数据)，而且没有copy。女生提出了两点possible solution：给emergence打电话，让他们来修理，因为有晚间服务，但是男生说太贵。女生于是建议向教授要求extension，男生担心教授strict，会take points(减分)。
