口语第六题：

　　NO.1

　　讲课要点】：Two Economic Changes in Ancient Civilization

　　1. Currency: this monetary form made life easier. For example, a man who bakes bread can now use money in exchange for a coat. Using money to trade can avoid the possible issue that the person who sells coats does not like bread.

　　2. Trade new things over a greater distance. For example, Romans can import silk fabric from China.

　　NO.2

　　Lecture: Two Advantages of the Beta Testing Method in Business

　　A beta test is an opportunity that gives the intended audience some samples to try the product out first.

　　1) Get feedback from the customers

　　The producer can get feedback from the customers who try the product. They will know which aspects of the product the customers like and don't like. A camera company, for example, may give some professional photographers new sample cameras to test out. After testing, the photographers may report, for example, that the flash doesn't work well because it produces too much light. The company will then know they need to work on the flash to make the overall product more desirable.

　　2) Providing Free Advertising

　　If the tested audience thinks the new product is satisfactory, it will leave a positive impression in their minds and they may tell others about the product. Even if it't not a perfect product at first, the efforts taken by the company to improve it will convince the photographer customers that the new camera will be very good. They, in turn, will tell other photographer friends about the new product and encourage greater sales.

　　NO.3

　　Lecture: Small Business: drawbacks on home-based business

　　For many small businesses, instead of renting, they prefer to work from home. Though working from home has its merits, a home-based business has some drawbacks.

　　1) Can't Maintain a Professional Image

　　People working in home-based businesses don't set a clear boundary between business and personal life. The customers may think they are not professional and serious about the business. For example, if a home-based business is a catering service that provides food for some major event, a customer would call and not expect a baby crying in the background. However, if it happened, the customer will for sure think that the business is not professional enough for their event and not trust the ability of the caterer to provide good-quality food.

　　2) Will Affect the Lives of the Neighbors

　　Use the catering example again, the business may hire two or more workers to help with the preparation of food. These workers may need to park their cars on the street, which would take up the neighbors' parking spots. Having their spots taken, the neighbors would definitely complain.

　　Question： Describe the two drawbacks of home-based businesses.

　　NO.4

　　鸟窝的两种搭建方式，

　　1.一个把巢建的高高的，藏起来。

　　2.另一种让母的在家看小鸟，公的去找食物什么没太清楚。

　　NO.5

　　生物课堂上老师讲解了有些树能够活很长时间的原因—树的适应性。主要有两个方面。

　　1 通过释放化学物质避免虫害。举例为red wood，树叶和树干中含有天宁酸，所以虫子不能忍受这种物质，所以不会去吃red wood.

　　2 发达的根系可以帮助在风暴中幸存下来。举例仍为red wood. 说首先有发达的根系stretch every direction, 以及还可以与周围的树木的根系相组合。互相缠绕在暴风中就不会有问题。

　　NO.6

　　口语六：说海里一种鱼为了适应环境发展出了一种结构可以感觉到predator来了而且可以保持不动吧。 第一种是他们感觉很灵敏，举例子是dony fish头上长了hair之类的可以感知predator。 第二种是有一种能力可以在在水里静止然后躲起来，不让predator察觉到，举例是另一种鱼可以在水里keep still时还让水move，所以就能keep still然后等 predator走了。

　　NO.7

　　Two ways of keeping eggs moist:

　　1)lay the eggs below water. e.g. frogs lay their eggs underwater and let the liquid permeate the eggs to keep them moist

　　2)lay eggs with special protecting structures. eg: snakes eggs have a tough shell structure that helps maintain the moisture

　　NO.8

　　Ecosystem engineering: 动物住在一个地方，这个地方会变得适合其他动物生存。两种方式

　　1、在日常生活中慢慢去做。比如某个海鲜：mussels，在吃水里东西的时候把水过滤干净了。

　　2、在一个群中间位置的时候，形成一个对其他动物有保护的地方。再比如刚才那个海鲜：mussels。他们成群住在海洋地表，他们之间的空隙形成其他动物能够生存的空间。

　　NO.9

　　【讲课要点】：尽管wildfire会给动物造成damage, 但是也可以带来好处。

　　1. 能给动物提供栖息地，比如woodpecker在烧过的树洞里筑巢;

　　2. renew vegetation, 把旧的植物wipe out, 给新的植物生长带来条件，新的植物更nutritious, which are more attractive to deer.

　　NO.10

　　【讲座主题】生物学的。说在一个tropical rainforest里面生活animal都在canopy上飞 tree to tree 动物们为了survive独居，领地侵犯等，进化出两种behavior。

　　【相关例子】第一种是searching food alone, individually因为这个地方的食物很分散，group一起找食物，就会不够吃。各自找会有better chance 找到更多吃的。给了一例子 ：猩猩ape 都自己找食物。

　　第二种是make sounds保护自己的领地。穿过厚厚的叶子树来让别的兄弟知道要不然在树上飞啊飞的就会撞一起然后受伤，给了一个例子：说一种猴子 monkey 他们就大叫，来让不小心进入其领地的动物知道这是他的地盘

　　NO.11

　　说有时候动物吃的东西不是我们想象中的东西，有时候会吃点乱七八糟的东西，比如说earth or soil.他们吃这些东西是有作用的。然后举两个鸟的例子。一个是R鸟，吃soil是为了磨碎食物，这样help digestion, 说因为鸟没有牙吖，所以吃soil可以帮助把大的食物，esp large seeds, 磨成small pieces.另一个是鹦鹉Parrot，吃soil可以nutralize失误中的poison，这样就不会get sick

　　NO.12

　　讲unhatched eggs communication 对他们survival的重要性，一是保证它们同时破壳，不被left behind，二是让他们的妈妈能够发现他们，举了鳄鱼的例子，鳄鱼的卵被heavy mugs cover着，要被他们的妈妈发现才能存活下去。

　　NO.13

　　反正说的是FARMER 怎么给CROPS从土里提供氮养啥的。有俩方法，我只听到一个 - = 具体说那一个我都没听全啊…

　　NO.14

　　是restricted codes,就是same group的人可以用很少的话语就可以让彼此意会。第一方面是SHARE same pro knowledge的人用这个。举了医生例子，医生间用很少的的话就可以解释，但是医生和病人间需要更多细节才能明白。第二个没听见走神了。例子是出去picnic食物被goat吃了，以后大家提起简单地提起goat, picnic就笑，很快就明白意思。

　　NO.15

　　版本1 这个lecture讲了动物储存食物 (hoarding)的两种不同方式

　　1)all food in one location,但是这就要求动物必须能够守住这些食物，用physical prevention 来 defense. 比如Squirrel, 他们会把所有食物都藏带一个地方，但是如果有 birds或者其他都无来抢的时候他们就会把这些掠食者赶走, drive them away

　　2)disperse, divide up food and save in different locations, 但是这要求动物必须记性特别好(good memory)记的食物都放在那些地方了.比如 Rat in desert, 它们把食物藏在hundreds of locations，但是他们记性好，都记得这些locations在哪里

　　版本2 ：心理学——generalizing

　　阅读部分: 在学习语言的过程中，儿童很容易把一个词的意思理解为仅仅是用来表示一个特定的物体(one specific object)，随着年龄的增长，儿童能逐渐理解一个单词不仅能用来描述一件物品，而是可以用来表示某一类物品。这种现象叫做归纳(generalizing)。

　　听力部分：教授的儿子三岁时，他有一个玩具火车，爸爸妈妈就教给儿子这个东西叫做“train”。有一天爸妈带着儿子出去玩，途径火车站，爸爸就指着火车说这是“train”，当时儿子就显得非常不理解(upset and confused)。而到儿子四岁时，他就能够正确使用“train”这个词了，并且能明白这个词不仅仅能够表示他的玩具火车，还能用来表示火车站里真正的火车。

　　问：用教授给出的例子解释什么是generalizing。

　　NO.16

　　The professor talks about how animals that doesn’t live underwater do to stay under the water. The first way is to reduce movement in order to save oxygen. For example, alligators hunt under water by staying very still, basically no movement. In doing so, it can cut down heart rate, therefore cut down the need for more oxygen. The second way is to minimize the time spent under water. For example, brown pelican dives down to catch fish in the water. It doesn’t go to deep, and it has air sacks that open when in the water. That will help the pelican to get back to the surface as fast as possible for oxygen.

　　NO.17

　　The professor talks about two types of suspense in a movie.

　　The first type is that the audience feels interesting to guess the end. For example, two heroes set the same goal, but the audiences have no idea who comes first.

　　The second type is that the audiences know the end but they have no clue how to get to the end. For example, in a love story, the hero and heroine doom to meet in the end, but how they meet each other becomes intriguing.

　　NO.18

　　顾客买东西一般看产品的两种cues，一种是内在的，由产品自身的质量决定，比如果汁好喝所以买，一种是外在的，由产品的外在包装决定，比如果汁的瓶子漂亮，并且商标fancy，所以买。

　　In the lecture the professor talks about two cues to judge the qualities of products by consumer. The first clue is the intrinsic cue which means the customers judge the products qualities by their physical characteristic, such as color, texture, sizes. For example, food, customers will think it has good qualities if it has good taste. The opposite cue is the extrinsic cue; the customers don’t judge the product quality by physical characteristics. For example, juice, if the bottle of juice is a good looking glass bottle and has good label, consumers think it has good quality. So products are evaluated by external packs but not the taste of the juice itself.

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