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The reading passage proposes three possible causes of little ice age, but all the explanations are refuted by the professor in the lecture.
First, according to the reading passage, the disruption of Gulf Stream may have caused the little ice age. However in the lecture, the professor argues that the disruption can only affect Europe and North America. But the ice age also affected southern hemisphere like New Zealand and South Africa. Since the disruption cannot explain why the Southern Hemisphere got cooler as well, it cannot fully explain the little ice age.
Second, the professor also refutes the reading passage which claims that volcano caused the ice age. As the professor puts, large amount of dust produced by volcano would have produced striking visual effects that people would have noticed at that time, such as colorful sunsets, and gray or brown snow instead of white snow. Since there are no reports of such visual effects at the time, the volcanic eruptions during that period were not strong enough to cause ice age.
Third, contrary to the reading that due to human population decrease, the growth of forest trees contributed to little ice age by removing carbon dioxide, the professor points out that there is not enough time for this effect to work. The professor argues that the human population grew back quickly to the previous level and lots of trees were cut down for clearing fields to grow the crops to feed the growing population. Therefore, there is not enough time for the forest to causeglobal cooling.