第二章 词缀
一.前缀(Prefix)
在语言学中被称作黏着语素(bound morpheme)。本身不具词义,只是根据词根的本义衍生出实际意义。
tract------protract, retract, extract, abstract, attract, detract, distract, contract, subtract, intractable
真正常见的前缀并不很多,只要记住这些前缀就可以判断该词与其词根的基本关系,从而帮助记忆。
二.后缀(Suffix)
亦被称为黏着语素。可以通过后缀轻易判断该词的词性,甚至使用方法。
Satisfy, satisfaction, satisfactory, satisfied, satisfying …
-ing 令人…,-ed(人)被…,感到…
三.应用
1. Word class changed
N→V
length+ en→ lengthen
hospital+ ize→ hospitalize
un+ horse → unhorse
dis+ card→ discard
N→Adj
fool+ ish→ foolish
beast+ly→ beastly
delight+ ful→delightful
speech+ less→speechless
virtue+ ous→ virtuous
N→Adj/Adv
clock+ wise→ clockwise(withershins)
earth+ ward→ earthward
V→N
work+ er→ worker
pay+ ee→ payee
inhabit+ ant→ inhabitant
V→Adj
accept+ able→ acceptable
adore+ able→ adorable
Adj→N
mean+ ness→ meanness
rapid+ ity→ rapidity
Adj→V
deaf+ en→ deafen
sweet+ en→ sweeten
Adj→Adv
exact+ ly→ exactly
quick+ ly→ quickly
2. Word class unchanged
N→N
non+ smoker→ nonsmoker
ex+ president→ ex-president
profit+ eer→ profiteer
book+ let→ booklet
V→V
dis+ obey→ disobey
un+ do→ undo
Adj→Adj
tall+ ish→ tallish
il+ logical→ illogical
3. in & im
injustice imperfect
inefficient impenetrable
infirm impossible
4. r→ l
grammar (O.E.)→ glamour (M.E.)
Scots [magic spell]
苏格兰语 [有魔力的符咒]
alteration of grammar [from the association of learning with magic]
grammar 的变化 [从与学习魔法的联系中得来]
peregrinus (Latin)→ pilgrim
marbre (French) → marble