托福写作的评分标准中对语言语法有具体的要求。本文将列举同学们常见语法错误,大家写作中应注意规避。根据以往同学常犯的错误我们将进行分析,下文中的例子均是之前同学们常写出的问题句。此处我们会重点讲解:词性误用,名词,限定词,代词,动词,介词等几个方面。
今天分析的是动词
1) 时态
英语中靠动词形式的变化来表达不同的时态。时态分成时间和状态两个维度,其中时间包括:现在,过去,将来,过去将来;状态包括:一般,进行,完成,完成进行。托福写作中重点需要关注的是时间维度。常规描述用一般现在时或现在进行时;如果举例子的事情发生在过去则用一般过去时;如果表达与现在的关系,则需要使用现在完成时。
1) 时态
例1:
原句:Although I have no work experience when I was a teenager, I always dreamed about having a job.
修改:将have改为had。
原因:整句话的时间是过去。
例2:
原句:Her parents thought that this is not my aunt’s fault, so they complain to the school.
修改:将is改为was;将complain改为complained。
原因:整句话的时间是过去。
例3:
原句:Incontrovertibly, his creation made him a billionaire, but the previous ideal is powerful motivation for him.
修改:将is改为was。
原因:整句话的时间是过去。
例4:
原句:To solve the problems that happened in our lives, people would adopt a variety of approaches to seek for a solution.
修改:将happened改为happen;将would改为will。
原因:整句话表明的是常态,所以用现在时。
例5:
原句:I would explain my view in the following paragraphs.
修改:将would改为will。
原因:这里表示常规描述,不是过去。
2) 语气
英语中,动词的语气可以分为客观语气与主观语气。客观语气重在陈述事实,主观语气重在说明人的主观意愿。此时动词使用需要注意。
原句:It is required that chemical material is added in the food.
修改:将is改为be。
原因:require表明此时后面表现说话人的主观,相当于在be前有should,然后should可以省略。
3) 语态
英语中名词与动词的关系有主动和被动之分。比如下面的例子:
He can interest others.
其中,he做了interest的发出者,为主动的关系;others做了interest的承受者,为被动的关系。如果interest要变形来修饰he,则可以变成interesting来表示主动关系;要修饰others,则可以变成interested来表示被动关系。
例1:
原句:Finally, the author of the reading claims that American wood companies need to certified only when they sold to foreign market.
修改:将certified改为be certified;将sold改为are sold。
原因:done的形式仅表示被动,若要变成谓语或在to的后面需要加be。
例2:
原句:Finally, the professor asserts that Chevalier was escaped by climbing through the roof, whereas the author of the reading claims that he saved from a prison by his friends’ bribery.
修改:将was escaped改为escaped;将saved改为was saved。
原因:原句中动词与名词的关系均为被动关系。
4) 非谓语动词
英语中非谓语动词有三种形式(用do来表示):doing,to do,done。其中有些基本性质。(1)doing和to do可以充当名词;(2)doing和to do修饰名词表示主动关系,done修饰名词表示被动关系;(3)doing表示正在进行,to do表示未发生。
例1:
原句:Secondly, most people would agree that ask for the students to help their parents to do some household scores will encourage students to acquire knowledge in a creative environment.
修改:将ask改为asking。
原因:这里ask for做主语,应该用asking的形式。
例2:
原句:From the analysis of make students help their parents to do some household chores, it is not difficult to assert this summary that instead of providing a specific reward…
修改:将make改为making。
原因:这里make在of后,应该用名词形式。
例3:
原句:My brother, Xiao Ming, never does household such as washing clothes, sweep the floor and clean up the house, because parents spoil him when he is a kid.
修改:将sweep改为sweeping;将clean改为 cleaning。
原因:这里与前面的washing并列,充当such as后的例子,故使用名词形式。
例4:
原句:Secondly, it is by fit with new environment speedy that people can benefit their companies effectively.
修改:将fit改为fitting。
原因:by后面要加名词。
例5:
原句:However, if we analyze this issue from a different perspective, we can find that the inspirations they have provided are priceless, especially for desperate or confusing people.
修改:将confusing改为confused
原因:confused表示“困惑的”,confusing表示“令人困惑的”。根据句义应该使用前者。
例6:
原句:Comparing with the money people earns, the sense of achievement is more important.
修改:将comparing改为compared。
原因:the sense和compare是被动关系。
例7:
原句:In my case, how much pocket money my father gives me always depends on how many housework I can done.
修改:将done改为do。
原因:can是情态动词,后面用动词原形。
例8:
原句:At the same time, most of those factories release toxic material such as polluted water in the river or field, which made the vegetables and fruits becoming toxic.
修改:将becoming改为become。
原因:becoming表示“正在变得”,而此处表明“变得”。
5) be
写英语的过程对很多人来说是先想出中文意思,然后翻译成英文。在翻译过程中时容易在动作前加“是”,于是就出现了 be + V 的错误结构。
比如表达“我喜欢狗”,容易表达成“我是喜欢狗的”,于是就容易写成:I am like a dog.(这可是“我像狗”的意思呀)。正确写法是:I like dogs.
例1:
原句:It is can image that the time of leisure will be shrunk in terms of vocation and weekend.
修改:将is can image改为can be imagined。
原因:不能在can前加,同时imagine的被动表达是be imagined。
例2:
原句:It is indisputable that the circumstances are change all the time.
修改:将are change改为change,或are changing。
原因:由于change是原形,不能在前加are。
例3:
原句:Students will try their best as they can study are not only for achieving the high marks but also approaching the money they should have.
修改:去掉are。
原因:已经有can study,不能再加谓语了。
例4:
原句:Nevertheless, there is a worldwide confliction that a majority of modern cities are suffer from the low rate of territorial utilization, which means that numerous people in cities are homeless.
修改:去掉are,或把suffer改为suffering。
原因:are和suffer都是谓语形式,不能共存。
编辑推荐:
(编辑:秦洁)