各位同学,6月27日小托福考试马上就要来了,你们准备好了吗?老师在这里想在大家考前的最后几天,为大家说点关于“小托福机经”那点事。
大家都知道,托福考试复习是有“机经”的,怎么小托福也有?其实这里说的小托福机经不过指的是一些历次小托福考试极容易涉及到的重要知识点和学科话题、词汇。提前掌握一点这个东西,兴许对于缓解考场紧张和预知一部分答案有意想不到的好处。现在现在帮大家按照考试的题型一一梳理下。
Listening Comprehension Section 听力理解环节:
好好在这个期间磨耳朵,随便听点英语,不要太生疏即可。
Language Form and Meaning Section语言形式及含义:
重点一:
其实这一版块不能单纯地理解为语法的考察,语言形式可以说是语法考察,而后面的语言含义,应该算是“词汇量”的考察。所以老师这里特别强调,同学一定要把高中词汇好好过一遍,普行的纸质版小托福考试大环境下,只需要对于单词做到“看到、听到”知道其意思即可,毋须拼写,这样反而会快些,新东方的那本高中词汇乱序版可以选择使用。或者使用新东方APP乐词制定高考/高中单词计划。这个视个人眼睛承受光线刺激能力大小而定。高中词汇是基础,上过新东方小托福课程的同学,把Journey to English教材里的主题词汇摘记一下,对于里面的文章特别熟悉下,对于考试的阅读等部分答题很有帮助。之前的考试中就有阅读出过里面主题相似的文章。JTE教材主题词汇老师还特别按照宫崎骏动漫主题分门别类地总结了册子。还是有一定帮助的。
重点二:语法复习备考要注意什么:
词法方面:
1.最基础的是词性的辨别:
1)词性的辨别有时候可以帮助我们得到一部分答案。简单而言:-ive,-ic,-able,-ous…很明显它们都是形容词的标志,比如:tentative(实验性的),dependable(可靠的),artistic(有艺术细胞的),precious(珍贵的)《霍比特人》里的咕噜最喜欢说的就是“It is precious!”或者是”precious”这是个形容词。
2)一般来讲-ly绝大多数是副词标志,properly, casually, specially…但是也有极个别是例外的,比如常见的friendly ,lovely, deadly(致命的) a deadly wave of ice and snow……
3)而名词的外部标志是:-ation, -ty,-ism…比如civilization(文明),beauty(美人儿),Marxism(马克思主义)
4)动词的外部标志:-ate,-ize 比如modernize(现代化)而前者则主要是有“使…”等使役之意。
把握住这些基本的区别,有些语法题可以迎刃而解,毋须太多想,甚至你更本不知道其意思也可。
2.关于形容词和副词考点需要记住以下精要的几点:(5星重点,必考考点)
1)出现比较级形态,也就是-er, more , less在选择词时,必须选than,经常和as, to, by一起考。望谨记。
2)常见的搭配 the same as; be similar to ,这两个易混淆。
3)常见的倍数关系表达: 记住如下例子,考场到时候对照选即可:
I am twice taller than Gollum.
或者I am three times as tall as Gollum.
或者 I am three times the height of Gollum.
大家学语法不要记忆中文的语法条目,要多读熟例句,对照例句选答案。
4)常见的其他常考固定结构:
越来越...:
比较级 and 比较级 ,对于多音节的单词要借助 more, less,构成
more and more …,less and less…。
例子:Our city is getting bigger and bigger.
The girl grows more and more beautiful.
越...就越...
the+比较级...,the +比较级。对于多音节同样是由 more, less 接管。
比如:The more you eat ,the fatter you are going to be.实际上相当于我们之前所讲的If主将从现条件句。
not+a+比较级+n=the+最高级+n
如:I haven't see a better place like this.(意思是 This is the best place)
形容词、副词的同级比较
(Not)As+形容词\副词的原级+as...(不)像 ....一样.... 注:当表示否定意义时,除了上面的这种表达方法外,还可以
Not so+形容词\副词的原级+as ... 不像...一样
3.动词的选择精要内容:(必考考点)
1)注意动词的时态考察:
精要内容:
记住几句话:一般时态表示无感情客观陈述:do,does、did,will do一般过去时,一般现在时,一般将来时;进行时表示某个时间点正在:am (is are)doing,was (were)doing,will be doing, have(has, had)been doing 已经...但是动作还未停止。完成时:现在完成时,过去完成时,将来完成时,和一般时态比强调影响,相对于完成进行时比动作告一段落,后者动作仍进行。have(has、had)+done.你根据句子意思表达,还有外部时间标志词选择正确的,比如看到now自然是现在进行时.上面英语部分是各时态谓语动词格式。
2)被动语态考察:
精要内容:
对于被动语态:动词问题一个是时态一个是语态。语态有主动,平常说的大多是主动语态,比如I ate ten rats today.改成被动可以参考汉语,这个中英文很相似:Ten rats were eaten by me.主语宾语调换位置,改变大的是动词由do does did 等主动形态换成be done,be动词因所处时态不同而有不同变体。比如:现在正被换成:is being eaten,将来被吃:will be eaten ,现在已经被吃:have been
其改变的都是be 动词,而后面的done 是不变的。至于原来主语前面都加一个by表示由...之意,不过是写出动作发出者。
3)动词特殊种类非谓语动词考察:
精要内容:
非谓语动词:就三种,核心意思是:不能直接做谓语。如果你看到一个动词是doing、done、to do形态,他们都是我所说的非谓语动词。比如:I reading a book .The work left.He to go to swim.全部都是错误的。因为他们单独不能做谓语,必须加am reading,was left(被留下来),wants to go才是。他们做谓语必须要人帮,需要个助动词(be是其中一种)但是他们可以单独做定语修饰名词crying boy还有其他。
二.句法层面:
我们都知道句型分为两大类:一个是简单句,这个果真很简单,句法层面考不到,另一个就是复合句,细分的话,就是并列复合句和主从复合句,并列复合句也很简答,只要把握一些常见的并列连词,比如and ,but等可以高枕无忧矣。关键是主从复合句,再细分,其最重要是三种:
定语从句考察:(必考考点)
精要内容:
关键是关系代词和关系副词的区别:
答题策略:
首先判断:1)是定语从句-A1连接词之后句子不完整-B1是关系代词引导定语从句-C1查看先行词是人是物,是缺主语还是宾语(只缺这两种)-D1缺人主语不能用whom和whose;缺宾语可以用whom,也可以用who,但是依旧不用whose,只有需要一个“…的”意思时才用。物主宾语的时候,无特例。(非限定性定语从句除外,that 不能使用)。
2)是定语从句—A2连接词后面完整-B2关系副词引导定语从句-C2查看先行词是时间、地点、原因、方式,依次选择when,where,why,how。
然后是介词+关系代词选择约=关系副词引导要点:先行词能和什么样的介词搭配,就选择什么样的介词即可,太简单了。
第三个,非限定性定语从句考点(有逗号的):精要内容:A. that不能使用,B. which 可以指代前面整句话所描述的内容。太简单。
掌握了上面几点,定语从句满分亦无忧。
下面是名词性从句掌握两点:
1. 不管是主语从句,宾语从句还是同位语表语从句,这部分从意思角度切入最方便,即你理解了它大概要表达什么,选择正确连接词即可。特别容易会考的是what 的使用,一般有what 的存在都表示“所……”的意思,你放进去看看。
比如OG有道题,原句是“It may come as a surprise to many, however, that long ago, this is exactly what people did.讲到观看古今观看音乐剧的观众习惯变化。翻译为”所做的”.其他的where,why,when ,whether 皆可引导,知道这些连接词意思就可以判断了。也比较的简单.
2. 特别注意极容易考到的宾语从句要用陈述语气,请-务-必-记-住-陈-述-语-气啊!因-为-真-的-很-重-要!!!!!所谓陈述语气,大家姑且理解为非疑问句。即谓语动词放在主语后面那种。
下面是状语从句的考察:
精要内容:就是从意思角度切入,选择包含该缺失意思的连接词即可。(见附表)
重点状语从句:1)IF的四种条件句0~3条件句,2个真实,2个虚拟。As if 虚拟真实句,wish虚拟句子。其实特征基本相似,过去虚拟一般对应had done,现在和将来虚拟对应动词用过去式。具体形式,请结合具体句型使用,手和眼都累了,不再赘述。翻看笔记本吧。
主将从现句还可以适用于除了if 之外的时间状语从句。
特殊句型:(必考考点)
倒装从句:
精要内容:
A.否定词句首,部分倒装,用助动词do ,does,did系列,助动词will系列,助动词have,has,had系列,情态动词系列can等系列,写完后形似一般疑问句。
Little does it rain in the dessert.
B.地点副词在句首,全部倒装。感觉有点“非正常人格“句子。
Here comes the bus!
考试时对比,例句选择正确选项。
5.最后一个非常压轴的题目(TJ考试中的逗号问题)
1)两句话必须需要连接词。
2)有连接词的一定是两句话。一句话不需要。
以上两句话的言外之意是说:正确的情况应该是至少有一句话应该是完整的(不能横线前后或者逗号前后都不完整,最多两句话完整)
3)逗号不起连接作用,只起到分隔句子的作用。
分号=逗号+and ,也就是说分号实际可起连接作用。
解题策略:
OG例题:_______________ next Tuesday, the science building will be under construction.
Begins B. Beginning C. Is beginning D. To have begun
下面是千篇一律的策略,望研习熟练:
看一下句子中和选项中有无连接词。答案:无。
看了一下,逗号后面完整。所以前面还能完整吗?(见5(2))不能了。那怎么办呢?运用非谓语动词把它变成不完整。见前面非谓语环节。
判断begin的形式,排除不是非谓语动词的。A,C都不对。
判断非谓语动词和后面完整句子逻辑主语(真实主语)的关系:金科玉律三句话:
doing 和后面逻辑主语主动进行,to do 表示主动将要,done 表示被动完成。
从而选择B.是科学楼发出的“begin”动作。并且和后面will be的状态同时开始的,即你一旦开始,也就处于建设中了。而后者表示将要完成的意思,不符合。
这个beginning实际上是伴随状语的理解,可以翻译为“伴随着…”.
连接词附录:
连词最基本你要知道的
1,并列连词
and 和,那么,渐渐;
or 或,否则,不管是…,还是;
but 但是,而是,的确…但;nor 也不
so 也是,因此,所以,那么,这样看来;
for 因为(表示推测),由于;
2,相关连词
both A and B 既是A又是B;
either A or B 不是A 就是B;
neither A nor B 既不是A也不是B ,两者皆非;
not only A but also B 不但A而且B;
A as well as B 不但A而且B , 与,和;
3,准连词
而且 besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition;
然而 yet, still, however, nevertheless;
否则 else, otherwise;
因此 所以 thus, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently;
4,引导名词从句的连词
从属连词 that, whether, if;
疑问连词 what, which, who/whom/whose;
疑问副词 when, where, why, how;
复合关系代词 whatever, whoever, whomever;
5,引导定语从句的连词
关系代词 who (whom whose), which, that, as;
关系副词 when, where, why;
关系形容词 which, whose…
6,引导状语从句的连词
表示时间 when, while, as, till, whenever, since, as soon as…
表示条件 if, unless, as long as, in case, if only, on condition…
表示结果 so…that , such…that (如此…以至于);
表示目的 that, so that, in order that; lest, for fear, in case;
表示原因 as, because, now (that ), seeing (that), since…
表示让步 whether…or, notwithstanding, though, for all that…
表示地点 where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere
表示方式 as, as…so, as if, according as;
表示比较 than, the more… the more…, as…as…, not so…as;
阅读部分的备考:
时间原因,我今天只给大家看下这几篇易考主题:请看懂,生词记住。也许会考。
文章一:
Poison dart frog:(关于箭毒蛙的小百科)
Poison dart frog (also known as dart-poison frog, poison frog or formerly known as poison arrow frog) is the common name of a group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae (脊椎词汇:固胸树蛙亚科)which are native to Central and South America. These species(物种) are diurnal (每天的)and often have brightly colored bodies. Although all wild dendrobatids are at least somewhat toxic(有毒的), levels of toxicity vary (变化)considerably(相当大地) from one species to the next and from one population to another. Many species are threatened(受到威胁的). These amphibians(两栖动物) are often called "dart frogs" due to (由于)the Amerindians' indigenous(土著的,本土的) use of their toxic secretions(分泌物) to poison the tips of blowdarts. However, of over 175 species, only four have been documented(记录) as being used for this purpose (curare plants are more commonly used), all of which come from the Phyllobates genus, which is characterized(分类为) by the relatively large size and high levels of toxicity(有毒性) of its members.
文章二:
布鲁克林及建造者John Augustus Roebling
The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge(悬吊桥) in New York City and is one of the oldest bridges of either type in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River. It has a main span(跨度) of 1,595.5 feet (486.3 m), and was the first steel-wire suspension bridge constructed. It was originally referred to as the New York and Brooklyn Bridge and as the East River Bridge, but it was later dubbed the Brooklyn Bridge, a name coming from an earlier January 25, 1867, letter to the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, and formally so named by the city government in 1915. Since its opening, it has become an icon of New York City, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 and a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1972.
The Brooklyn Bridge was initially(最初地) designed by German immigrant John Augustus Roebling, who had previously(之前地) designed and constructed (建造)shorter suspension bridges, such as Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct in Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania, Waco Suspension Bridge in Waco, Texas, and the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge in Cincinnati, Ohio.
伦敦塔桥
Tower Bridge (built 1886–1894) is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London which crosses the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of London, from which it takes its name, and has become an iconic symbol (标志)of London.
The bridge consists of (包含包括)two towers tied together at the upper level by means of two horizontal (水平的)walkways, designed to withstand(承受) the horizontal forces exerted(施加的) by the suspended sections of the bridge on the landward sides of the towers. The vertical component of the forces in the suspended sections and the vertical(垂直的)reactions of the two walkways are carried by the two robust towers. The bascule pivots and operating machinery are housed in the base of each tower. The bridge's present colour scheme dates from 1977, when it was painted red, white and blue for Queen Elizabeth II's silver jubilee. Originally it was painted a mid greenish-blue colour.
The nearest London Underground tube stations are Tower Hill on the Circle and District line, London Bridge and Bermondsey, and the nearest Docklands Light Railway station is Tower Gateway.
文章三:
鼬鼠专题Weasel
Weasels /ˈwiːzəl/ are mammals(哺乳动物) forming the genus Mustela of the Mustelidae family. The genus includes the weasels, European polecats, stoats, ferrets and European minks. They are small, active predators(捕食者), long and slender(细长的) with short legs. The Mustelidae family (which also includes badgers, otters and wolverines) is often referred to as(把…称作…) the weasel family. In the UK, the term "weasel" usually refers to the smallest species Mustela nivalis (also known as the least weasel).
Weasels vary in length from 173 to 217 mm (6.8 to 8.5 in),females being smaller than the males, and usually have red or brown upper coats and white bellies(腹部); some populations of some species moult (换毛)to a wholly white coat in winter. They have long, slender bodies, which enable(使其有能力…) them to follow their prey(猎物) into burrows(洞穴). Their tails may be from 34 to 52 mm (1.3 to 2.0 in) long.Weasels have a reputation for cleverness, quickness and guile(狡猾).
Weasels feed on (以~为食)small mammals, and have from time to time been considered vermin(害虫), since some species took poultry(家禽) from farms, or rabbits from commercial warrens(养兔场). They can be found all across the world except for Antarctica, Australia, and neighbouring(周围的) islands.
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(编辑:Joe)