托福考试,做为全球领先的语言测试之一,被130多个国家的9000所学院、大学及专业机构做为衡量申请者语言能力的标准。在过去的几年中,考生人数连年创造历史新高。根据ETS(美国教育考试服务中心,即托福考试的出题机构和主办方,下同)所提供的数据显示,2012年中国考生数量较前年增加32%。在2013年中,ETS更是屡次增加考试场次,足以见得托福考试在中国的火热程度。不过遗憾的是,虽然托福考生总人数逐年递增,但中国同学的平均分却十分稳定地维持在同一水平线上。根据ETS发布的考生成绩数据显示,从2010年起,中国同学的平均成绩十分坚挺地锁定在77分。其中,阅读平均20分,听力18分,口语19分,写作20分,在全球范围中处于中等偏下的水平。而考试中的听力项目,更是成为诸多考生头疼的对象。但值得欣慰的是,只要考生掌握方法并埋头苦练,听力项目的分数提升往往是比较明显的。但是,口语项目的备考却让很多考生摸不着头脑,更是成为申请名校的拦路虎。
在笔者多年的教学中,不难发现大多数同学的托福口语分数往往处于一个高不成低不就的尴尬局面。即便发挥得再不好,成绩也不会低于15分。另一方面,即便十分努力地准备,成绩也往往很难突破23分 。那么,到底应该如何突破23分的瓶颈就成了许多冲刺105分以上的同学所共同面对的问题。在这里,我们首先分析一下23分的含义。在托福口语的评分当中,每一道题分为四个等级,分别是4分(Good,优秀);3分(Fair,良好);2分(Limited,尚可);1分(Poor,较差)。而总分23分意味着口语六道题目的平均得分是3分(Fair,良好)。所以换而言之,突破23分的关键就在于如何从良好做到优秀。
为了更好地破解从良好到优秀的高分密码,我们首先来看看3分(Fair,良好)的范例回答。在ETS的托福教师培训课程Propell Workshop中,提供了如下的示范:
题目:Task 2
Some universities require first-year students to live in dormitories on campus. Others allow students to live off campus. Which policy do you think is better for first-year students and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.
3分回答:
in my opinion / it would be in the better interest of a first-year student / to live in a dormitory / on campus // but I wouldn’t / make it // a requirement // i’d make it a / person / uh a personal / choice // just because they // get to know the other students better and the life and the community that is kind of stronger than to / when they live on the outside of [the/a?] campus
注:/表示停顿;//表示长时间停顿;[]表示考生所说词语无法识别
对于这篇回答,ETS的考官给出如下的评语:从表达(Delivery)层面来说,这一层面考察学员的语音、语调、停顿、及表达的流利程度。
1. His pronunciation is clear, though his speech lacks fluidity and his pauses tend to break up natural syntactic groupings.
发音清晰,但是流利度欠佳,且卡壳打乱句子意群的组成,使回答不够连贯。
2. He also has a rather flat intonation. Thus, while perfectly intelligible, his overall delivery makes the response somewhat difficult to listen to.
语调没有起伏。因此,即便回答清晰,但整体的表达依然不容易被听懂。
从语言的使用(Language Use)层面来说,这一层面考察学生对词汇以及语法的使用。
1. He demonstrates control over a range of vocabulary, though it is not as automatic as that of a level 4 speaker.
考生用词范围广泛,虽然不及4分水平同学来得恰当和正确。
2. He makes some notable grammatical errors (“the community that is kind of stronger than to / when they live on the outside of [the/a?] campus”).
考生有明显语法错误,例如the community that is kind of stronger than to / when they live on the outside of [the/a?] campus一句可以改成Living in dormitories builds a strong sense of community than living off campus.
从主题的发展(Topic Development)层面来说,该层面主要考察学生论述问题的逻辑以及是否提供足够的理由和细节来解释和说明自己的观点。
1. The speaker expresses an opinion with nuances and gives some support for it.
考生所表达的观点与题目的要求稍有偏差。题目问考生觉得哪种规定更好,而考生回答的是学生最好住校,但却不希望其成为一个要求。除此之外,考生在回答中提供了一些支持其观点的信息。
2. At one point, the cohesion of the response breaks down notice. The sentence that includes “just because they // get to know the other students better” sounds at first like a counterargument to ideas expressed about living on campus. The listener must do some reprocessing to realize that this is actually an explanation of an earlier statement supporting why it would be in the students’ best interest to live on campus.
在回答中,有一处逻辑连接不够紧密。第四行开头的just because有反驳的意味。但通过分析考生下文的回答发现,其实是想提出一个在校园内居住的好处。所以考生并没有使用正确的语言恰如其分建立逻辑的联系,且需要考官进行分析才能梳理出正确的逻辑思路。
3. Because of these weaknesses and because the speaker only provides one reason for his opinion, the response does not seem fully developed.
因为以上逻辑的问题,以及考生仅仅只提供了一条理由,整体回答并没有展开。